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Unleashing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in the Legal Industry

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Sahil Arora, a student at Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar, Punjab, is the author of this article. The purpose of this article is to know and understand how fast our world is changing, and this change can be seen in the legal field too in many aspects.

INTRODUCTION

In today’s world, where almost every person is trapped in the web of technology, the same situation is slowly forming in all fields and sectors. Every business, whether small or large, wants to establish an online presence. So many businesses are not adequately established offline but work marvellously in the digital world. In simple words, the digital world is nothing more than the real world, with just a slight difference in that in this digital world, we meet or trade with each other virtually. Although it sounds straightforward, the process through which we can do this stuff is very complex. And a single person or even a group of people are not enough to run this process smoothly and efficiently. So to meet the demands of this digital world, we humans started working on technology that can work more efficiently and speedily and can solve those problems in a few moments, which an average human will require a long time to do, or maybe it could be out of his ability to do.

One such thing which came as an outcome of this tech world is Robots, which are the result/outcome of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.). Britannica says, “Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.”

Robots are one such invention regarding which people used to talk even before they were made, just like flying cars or time machines. Initially, when A.I. was created, nobody would have thought that it would someday rule the world or, we can say, form its own world. Directly or indirectly, everything we can think of involves or is because of this A.I. Although currently, we don’t see much involvement in this in India. Still, that day is also not far when, in our country, every sector will involve robots and AI.

CHANGES IN THE LEGAL WORLD

  1. A recent and trending invention in A.I., which crosses all the limits and perspectives to see the world, is “ChatGPT.” It is a chatbot that conversationally interacts with others and provides a detailed answer to the question raised.
  • It is designed by the company OpenAI, which is an A.I. deployment and research company whose objective is to ensure that artificial general intelligence benefits all of humanity.
  • Recently, ChatGPT gave a law exam at the University of Minnesota Law School, and although it got a ‘C’ grade, it still managed to pass the tests. The questions were regarding constitutional law, taxation, torts, and employee benefits.
  • During essay writing in exams, the chatbot recited legal rules and cited relevant cases.
  • Many teachers have considered it a good tool for educational purposes, but at the same time, some school districts have banned ChatGPT, like the officials of New York and other jurisdictions have banned the use of ChatGPT in schools.
  • In India also, as per a Hindustan Times report, the Bengaluru-based RV University has banned many A.I. tools inside the campus, like ChatGPT, GitHub Co-pilot, and Black Box.

Although these steps are taken to prevent the students from cheating on exams and assignments and to maintain the critical thinking and creativity of the students alive, this fact can also not be denied that if not now, then for sure shortly we all will be witnessing the types of A.I. tools in our daily life including the legal profession too.

  1. Nobody can deny the fact that our judiciary is overburdened, and we have to do something to solve this issue as soon as possible. Nowadays where every country is trying to handle this problem by imparting their staff (every person connected to the legal field) proper training, experience and knowledge; China is one step ahead of the world where they are not only focussing on their staff efficiency but have even successfully developed a “Robot Judge” who can hear and deal with the case which came before him.
  • This robot is built and tested by the “Shanghai Pudong People’s Procuratorate,” the country’s largest and busiest district prosecution office. It is said that the robot judge can make decisions with 97% accuracy, and more than 3.1 million cases have been dealt with here. Like other robots, this one also works on artificial intelligence, where the people who created it have inserted numerous judgements, cases, orders, laws, etc., based on which this robot makes its decision. Currently, the robot deals with cases related to internet trade issues, copyright, product sales disputes, and credit card fraud. The basic principle or motive behind making this robot is to lessen the burden of the courts and provide speedy and quality justice. 
  1. Another major problem that every legal practitioner usually faces be it a judge or an advocate, is the research work. Research work consumes the majority of the time of a case. Being it is one of the most crucial steps to winning a case, no one wants to make even a minor mistake here because this can lead to big trouble for the party (petitioner or respondent) in the future. For instance, if there is a case of divorce on the ground of cruelty and the advocate finds a precedent which was overruled later, but the advocate didn’t correctly research regarding this, then this can lead to losing the case. So there is no doubt that legal research is, was and will always be a crucial step in achieving success in the case.
  • A great solution to battle this problem has been found. Andrew Arruda; a Canadian entrepreneur; along with his friend, Jimoh Ovbiagele, have developed the world’s first A.I. legal assistant named “ROSS”.
  • This legal assistant (ROSS) works on the model the earlier told robot judge works. The ROSS Intelligence uses cutting-edge Natural Language Understanding to correctly answer questions related to legal research in a few seconds. ROSS analyses various pieces of evidence, draws inferences, and returns relevant evidence-based answers. It is built upon the Watson IBM cognitive computer, which can read, analyse and then answer any legal question.
  • The most exciting thing regarding ROSS is that it successfully works in BakerHostler’s law firm, an Ohio-based firm incorporated in 1916. They use ROSS in bankruptcy, creditor’s rights, and restructuring teams. ROSS works on the principle that the more questions we ask from it, the more it improves and gets better. Whenever any new law is made or any old law is amended or even deleted, ROSS will analyse it and make changes for subsequent research.

CONCLUSION

As the world around us is changing very fast, it’s evident that we will soon see the role of A.I. and robots in our legal world, just like in other sectors and professions. The whole point, or I should say the motive behind using technology or A.I. in this legal field, is the same as it is for any other field, i.e., to ease the working mechanism and increase efficiency. Thus, these innovations are made in the legal field to lessen the burden of the courts and the people associated with the law.

Although it is said that this will lead to an increase in the unemployment rate, on the other side, we have to think that if we only focus on the employment problem, then several other issues like violation of human rights, unequal treatment faced by people, etc. will come to a halt. So whether this A.I. will be beneficial or harmful for us will be known only when it comes to large-scale ground level. Nothing less, it is for sure that the A.I. and robots are the future of the whole world, and no one can refute this claim.

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Artificial Intelligence and Laws in India

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This Article is written by Yashi Kumari and Kriti Kumari, students of Indraprastha University

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence is the replication of human intellect which is done by the machines, mainly Mechanical Learning or Computer System. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to competence exhibited by machines as compared to organic insight expressed by humans or non-humans. AI applications consists of forward-thinking web search browsers (e.g., google, Firefox), reference systems (such as YouTube, Flipkart, amazon), AI bot who understands human language (such as Alexa, Siri, Ira), cars without drivers (Tesla), and in tactical gamepad, competitors compete at the highest level. As devices become far more capable, tasks requiring “intellectual capacity” are frequently excluded from the definition of AI, a singularity is known as the AI effect. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the system of justice is still in its early stages, but it is gradually being incorporated by a number of countries, law firms, and judiciaries remarkably similar. It offers outlay answers to problems to solicitors by indicating out legal flaws in verdicts, assisting in the drafting of contract documentation, proper research, legal big data, and so forth. Likewise, AI can pave the way in decreasing the burden on the judiciary, particularly in cases involving misdemeanours, while leaving complex situations to be decided by court to issue.

Development across the World: History

Ever since inception as an academia in 1956, machine learning has gone through several phases of positivity, dissatisfaction, and finance reduction, accompanied by alternative ideas, achievement, and revived funding. During its history, AI research has been undertaken and rejected various methods, including replicating the brain, modelling human critical thinking, logic, database management system of knowledge, and trying to imitate animal behaviour. Over the first two dawn of the twenty century, remarkably arithmetic numerical machine learning experienced great success, and this method was extremely successful, assisting in the resolution of many complex challenges in industry and academia. 

Human intelligence “can be so described simply that a computer system can be made to recreate it,” according to the program’s founders. This raises ethical issues concerning the mind and the moral standards of creating artificial beings with human-like intelligence. Folklore, fiction, and principles have all addressed these issues since earliest times. AI, with all its incredible potential and ability, has also been proposed in speculative fiction and post structuralism.

IBM’s Chatbot Ross has indeed been incorporated among many legal firms nationally and internationally, especially in the United States, and is largely used to scrutinize contractual agreements, initiate legal work, and briefly review legal concepts, among other things. 

781 A. Atabekov, O. Yastrebov Provided the results of this study, the scholars would advise Russian legislators to look at it this way: – The probability of establishing a soul institute in the field of artificial intelligence, involved in designing specifications and rules of conduct that must be followed by holders and holders of humanoid agents, as well as by the humanoid agents itself. The establishment of an institution as the authoritative entity at the national level in the field of robotics, capable of determining the activities allowable for robots, while keeping in mind that the robot is a source of immense threat.

Current Position in India

However, there are no privacy and data protection policies in India, private data is protected under Sections 43A and 72A of the Information Technology Act. It, like the GDPR, contains provisions to reimbursement for improper release of information. The Confidentiality was declared a Basic Human right under the Constitution of India by the Apex Court in 2017.

Artificial intelligence has the potential to add 957 billion Dollars, or around 15% of India’s current gross investment, by 2035. In the following decade, System will be able to touch everybody’s life in some way. In 2018, the NITI Aayog (Policy Commission) initiated a number of AI-related programs.

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology introduced four committees to emphasize and evaluate difficulties related to AI. A Joint Parliamentary Committee is currently deliberating on the PDP Bill – Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 – which is based on a draught data security statute. The bill becomes law once it’s been passed through both houses of the parliament. In India, the advancement of AI adoption is outpacing the creation of regulations to govern it. Sectors are now starting to use AI technology to retrain their workforce. The apparently New Education Policy focuses on teaching coding to students’ rights beginning in Primary School. India will be a hotspot for innovative AI technologies.

Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas is possibly India’s first legal firm to use artificial intelligence (AI), which is mainly used to review and evaluate contract terms along with other legal documentation. Prevailing CJI SA Bobde has spoken about and endorsed for wider use of AI in the system of justice, particularly in document analysis and decision making. The Hon’ble Supreme Court Bar Association organized an event (SCBA). But even so, in developing countries such as India, the use of AI may be irregular due to an unwillingness to adapt to this new change. There seems to be concern that AI will have significant consequences in a workers supply economy, where the majority of the population are illiterate and poor.

AI and Cyber Security

AI and machine learning are quickly have become indispensable in network security, as these technology solutions are capable of rapidly assessing millions of data sets and detecting a wide range of cyberattacks, from malicious activity to questionable behaviour that may result in a phishing. AI is the optimum cybersecurity solution for organizations worldwide that want to emerge online. To perform effectively and safeguard their organizations from cyberwarfare, security specialists require strong backing from machine intelligence and technologically advanced such as AI.

Advantages

Some of the advantages are as follows:

1. AI Acquires More Competency Level

Artificial intelligence, as the term indicates, is astute, and it is using this capacity to advance network infrastructure over time. It employs ml algorithms to learn the behaviour of an enterprise network over time. It detects and groups trends in the network. It then detects any discrepancies or security attacks from the norm before answering.

2. Anonymous Concerns are Identified by Artificial Intelligence

An individual might not have been able to determine all of the menaces that a business confronts. Each year, cybercriminals launch massive amounts of attacks for a variety of reasons. Obscure attacks can wreak havoc on a system. Badly, they can have a substantial impact before users detect, recognize, and avert them.

As assailants experiment with new ploys ranging from complicated social mechanical to malware and viruses, contemporary remedies must be used to avoid them. AI has demonstrated to be among the most effective technologies for routing and preventing unknown attacks from wreaking havoc on an organization.

3. AI is Capable of Large-Scale Data

On a corporate server, there is a lot more going on. A classic semi business generates a lot of traffic. This indicates that the majority of data is exchanged between brand and the consumer on a frequent basis. This information must be safeguarded against remote attackers and operating systems. However, cybersecurity professionals are limited in their ability to inspect all visitors for perceived attacks.

4. Improved Adaptation

Data protection is critical to the security of a corporate servers. As previously stated, the typical organization faces numerous dangers on a routine basis. From being protected, it must discern, identify, and inhibit them. AI research can aid in security solutions by analysing and assessing current security protocols.

5. Enhanced Average Protection

From every now and then, the threats facing business connections change. Day after day, hackers play defensively. It is therefore difficult for a business to prioritize safety duties. You may just have to come to terms with a phishing scam and a Rejection of Business attack.

The above threats have similar capabilities, but you should initially understand what else to deal with. Operator error and carelessness are more serious threats that can make confidentiality a challenge. The remedy is to implement AI on your system to find all sorts of threats and assist you in prioritizing and preventing the others.

Disadvantages

The benefits brought up above constitute only a small portion of AI’s goal of improving cybersecurity. 

Even so, just like anything, there are a few drawbacks to utilizing AI in this ground. Institutions would require a lot more liquidity and capital investments to create and operate an AI system. 

Moreover, because AI systems are trained using sets of data, you will also have to collect a large number of sets of malware codes, – anti codes, and oddities. Obtaining all of these data sources requires an extensive investment that most businesses cannot access.

AI machines can produce inaccurate results and/or false positive rate in the absence of large datasets and occurrences. Obtaining flawed information from untrustworthy references can even end up backfiring. 

A further significant disadvantage is that cyber attackers can use AI to analyse their ransomware and unveil more malicious activities, which brings things to a whole new juncture.

Relevant Judgements and Cases

Shankar v. State Rep.

Decision: The Court stated that the statement of claim reported against the plaintiff cannot be nullified under the law that applies to the non-granting of punishment of court proceedings under Section 72 of the IT Act.

Christian Louboutin SAS v. Nakul Bajaj & Ors.

The Court was required yet if the defendant’s use of the petitioner’s mark, symbols, and picture is secured under Section 79 of the IT Act.

Decision: The Court determined that perhaps the defendant is more than just a mediator because the web application has complete knowledge about the products sold through its console. It characterises and then promotes third-party sellers of their products. The Court also held that an e-commerce platform’s full engagement would preclude it from the privileges given to intermediaries under Section 79 of the IT Act.

Review and Conclusion

Artificial intelligence in due diligence and practise may indeed be a domain which has yet to be recognized. There may well be differing views on whether AI will be cost efficient and beneficial in the legal field, and whether it will lead to unemployment. It is worth noting that AI eventually evolves from the intellect, so the idea of AI replacing humans remains uncertain. The goal of legal technology is to facilitate solicitors rather than to substitute them with robotic arms.

In science and medicine, even though the action is carried out using robotics equipment, the equipment is still functioned under the supervision of a competent doctor. Furthermore, while AI technology has an effect on employment, not all advocate jobs will be automated in the coming years. In the long run, homogeneous authority regulation may be required to control AI technology. We’re still a bit far away from the era of humanoid lawyers. There are numerous concerns about fair opportunities to the necessary technology for legal professionals. The higher education for a degree in law must be coherent, and technology must be supposed to teach to them in order for each of them to cope up with advanced technologies.

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Alternative Dispute Resolution During Pandemic

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This Article is written by Raashi Suredia and Nupur Misra, students of Army Law College, Pune

INTRODUCTION

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) alludes to a set of practices and techniques aimed at resolving civil disputes outside traditional legal and administrative forums. It normally covers mediation, arbitration, and a variety of “hybrid” processes by which a third party facilitates the resolution of legal disputes without formal adjudication. These substitutes to adjudication are advocated on a variety of rationale. Potential perks include the reduction of the transaction costs of dispute resolution and the proceedings are quicker as compared to ordinary proceedings; the creation of resolutions that are better suited to the parties’ underlying interests and requisites; and improved ex-post compliance with the terms and conditions of the resolution. 

ADR has gained ubiquitous acceptance among both the general public and the legal profession in recent years and is also being espoused as the means to help settle disputes alongside the court system itself. There are various widely used methods of ADR such as Arbitration, Mediation Negotiation and Conciliation. However, in the present state of affairs where the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has put everything on hold, it is important to talk about its effect on ADR.

The coronavirus global health crisis is significantly impacting communities worldwide. It has caused unparalleled disruptions and has damaged the world’s economy and business relationships. Great numbers of commercial disputes are coming into view as parties are finding it difficult to execute their contractual obligations. There is a likelihood that the crisis will result in a surge of litigation and will as a result defer the resolution of pending court cases. It is the unprecedented delays that should direct the parties towards alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) or Virtual ADR has come into play owing to this crisis.

Virtual ADR allows the cases to be resolved in a hassle-free manner and this system there is no need for the parties to travel. Parties to the dispute can communicate with each other through video conferencing which makes it possible for them to hear and see each other. In the case of mediation, the mediator can separate the parties and engage in a mutually agreeable settlement. Greater utilisation of ADR will result in nippy resolution of cases and will also be time and money-saving.

It must be stated that despite it being the need of the hour, there are certain challenges in this process. It is no secret that lawyers have always been averse to technology. Yet, in times like these, learning and adopting technology is essential for survival. Arduous and continuous training will be required for the lawyers to get through the offline to online transition. It is a tough row to hoe to provide internet connectivity to Indian Courts since most of them have poor network connectivity. Adequate security standards will have to be put into place so that the critical data that is stored is not hacked or tampered with in any way.

Like any new initiative, virtual ADR will have its share of complications and glitches. However, it is undoubtedly a step in the right direction. ADR is no longer an alternate mode of resolving disputes. Rather, it is the ideal forum for the speedy, cost-effective resolution of disputes. The current pandemic has reformed the way we think about our lives and daily interactions. However, in unprecedented situations like these, it is much more important to come together and fight, to come out stronger and significantly more evolved.

The emphasis of this article is on mediation and arbitration. The first half of the article covers essential background for understanding ADR by focusing mainly on arbitration and mediation. The other half covers the use of AI in ADR during the pandemic.  

ARBITRATION

Arbitration in India is an age-old conception, originating in ancient India. It is still prevalent today in villages where the seniors of the village or community sit and resolve disputes between villagers and/ or the community. Therefore, it cannot be said that Arbitration as a concept or ADR is a foreign ingress on the Indian legal system. Arbitration is a part of ADR along with other ADR processes like Conciliation and Mediation. Arbitration in India is administered by the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 as applicable in India today was created on the lines of the Model Law of the UNCITAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law). The popularity of cherry-picking arbitration over mediation and/ or conciliation has created the term Arbitration Dispute Resolution.

Over time processes, procedures and powers concerning Arbitration and the right of parties to the same were incorporated in The Civil Procedure Code, Indian Contract Act, Specific Relief Act and by further incorporation of Indian Arbitration Act 1899, subsequently rescinded by the Indian Arbitration Act of 1940 and then finally by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 which came into effect from 25th January 1996. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996, seeks to consolidate and amend the laws about arbitration as were in force pre 25 January 1996 and seeks to fortify the domestic and international commercial arbitration which includes enforcement of the foreign arbitration awards on the lines of Model Law on International and Commercial Arbitration adopted by UN Commission on International Trade Law, 1985.

MEDIATION

Mediation is a form of ADR, a way of resolving disputes between two or more parties. A third party, the mediator assists the parties to negotiate their settlement (facilitative mediation). In a few cases, mediators may express a view on what might be a fair or reasonable settlement, generally where all the parties agree that the mediator may do so (evaluative mediation). Mediation has a structure, timetable and dynamics which the “ordinary” negotiation has a paucity. The process is private and confidential. The presence of a mediator is the key distinctive feature of the process. There may be no compulsion to go to mediation, but in some cases, any settlement agreement signed by the parties to a dispute will be binding on them. Mediators use numerous methods to open, or mend, dialogue between disputants, aiming to help the parties reach an agreement (with concrete effects) on the disputed matter. Much depends on the mediator’s skills and qualifications. The mediator must be wholly unbiased. Disputants may use mediation in a multiplicity of disputes, such as commercial, legal, diplomatic, workplace, community and family matters. 

USE OF AI IN ADR

With the COVID-19 pandemic hitting the world, the mode of all sorts of transactions has shifted to online methods. The technological resources which were earlier being underutilised are now being used at their optimum best and new advancements are also happening within very short periods to meet the new requirements of people. When the entire economy shifted to online mode and the definition of ‘normal’ changed, the legal world had to adapt to the dynamic scenario as well and accept the ‘new normal’. Cases were put on hold for the pandemic to die down, however, that was not and still is not the case. The legal processes which are tedious in a country like India, where trials take years to be completed, the pandemic, provided an opportunity to the Indian legal system to develop itself and adapt to the change to provide speedy trials. Administration of justice and access to justice is the basic essential as well as an important public service provided to every citizen which cannot be ‘quarantined’ due to the lockdowns put in place for safety. Therefore, the Indian judiciary adapted to the ‘work from home’ approach quite quickly. The Supreme Court issued guidelines for the conduct of virtual hearings, which guidelines directed all High Courts to take necessary steps to implement virtual hearings through video conferencing both for themselves and for the subordinate courts within their jurisdiction. The presence of Artificial Intelligence is however not new to the Indian judiciary and has been in use for a good amount of time. Alternative Dispute Resolution has also incorporated the element of Artificial Intelligence in the pandemic very smoothly and adopted the word Online Dispute Resolution, combining Alternative Dispute Resolution and AI technology used. The pandemic made online dispute resolution gain attraction due to social distancing norms and remote work policies. Online dispute resolution permits resolution by way of mechanisms on the internet and coded algorithms. The COVID-19 pandemic and the AI-enabled virtual communication between parties that are geographically apart, thereby continuing the legal formalities and not putting any hindrance to the ADR methods. The demand for the prediction of trial outcomes through data analytics is as it is high and the AI technology has been able to predict outcomes with appreciable accuracy. Algorithms are used to find the area of settlement between both parties, thereby reducing the need for human contact, which was the main aim of implementing multiple lockdowns in the first place and increasing the speed of dispute resolution. The whole aim of ADR is to not take the case to the court which not only saves the time of the judiciary and the parties involved but also protects the relationship between the parties. The usage of algorithms and since they are prompt, allows the parties to save time by settling matters out of the court directly. These AI-based settlements are also more consistent and uniform across similar cases, simply because they have been formed after time and continued testing which has been done time and again. 

Platforms like Manupatra and Lexis Nexis have been formed after taking into consideration the amount of time that is taken up while researching for case laws, these platforms have been designed in such a way so that they can give the user the required data without going through multiple cases or searches, this proves how well such coded platforms work in benefit of legal professionals. An AI can systematize data according to the user needs and provide that as and when required which in turn would lessen the burden on an individual. The use of AI would also reduce the documentation workload, by quickly assessing and selecting the material document, or for making summaries for documents. As human beings, we all have our biases, opinions and prejudices, but when it comes to AI technology, it is not affected by these mundane weaknesses, it would give answers only after following the rational and logical approach, therefore, eliminating the scope of human emotions interfering the case. 

CONCLUSION

The primary aim of arbitration is to get a neutral third party to resolve disputes equally without unnecessary costs or delays. The core aim of the Arbitration process is to save time and costs. AI will be complementary to the process of arbitration, as it is developed independently with its thinking and reasoning power and it is prompt and quick to solve queries, both aims of arbitration will be achieved. India is still a developing country and even though we are exploring new horizons in the field of computer technology time and again, development not only includes new advancements, it also requires optimum utilization of pre-existing resources to ensure sustainability, which is exactly what will happen when AI technology is incorporated into the ADR wholly and completely, reduction in individual workload, development of nation and sustainability of the world at large.

ENDNOTES:
  1. Nilava Bandyopadhyay, India: Future of Litigation and ADR in India – Post COVID-19, MONDAQ (Mar 27, 2021), https://www.mondaq.com. 
  2. Masood Ahmed, Alternative Dispute Resolution during the Covid-19 Crisis and Beyond, TAYLOR AND FRANCIS ONLINE (Feb 25, 2021), https://www.tandfonline.
  3. Anubhav Pandey, All you need to know about Alternative Dispute Resolution, IPLEADERS (May 9, 2017), https://blog.ipleaders.in/adr-alternative-dispute-resolution/.
  4. Lalit Sharma, Evolution of ADR Mechanisms in India, SCC ONLINE (Feb 7, 2021), https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2021/02/07/evolution-of-adr-mechanisms-in-india/.
  5. Manoj K Singh, The future of arbitration in India: Strengthening the process of alternative dispute resolution, THE ECONOMIC TIMES (Apr 17, 2021), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/legal/the-future-of-arbitration-in-india-strengthening-the-process-of-alternative-dispute-resolution/articleshow/.
  6. Michael Finnegan, Alternative Dispute Resolution: benefits and use during (and after) the COVID-19 crisis, BURGES-SALMON (Jul 17, 2020), https://www.burges-salmon.com/news-and-insight/legal-updates/private-wealth/alternative-dispute-resolution-benefits-and-use-during-and-after-covid-19.

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