Tag Archives: #USA

Articles

Cyber Threats: An Overview

Leave a comment

This Article is written by S Muthu Praba & S Sankar Ganesh, students of Dr. Ambedkar Law University, School of Excellence in Law, Tamilnadu

INTRODUCTION

In this modern era of digitalization, internet and social media has became an inevitable part of human life. The emerging risks in the virtual platform creates more vulnerable environment for all the people irrespective of their age. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people carry out all their activities virtually through different media, which has resulted in miscellaneous intrusions from anonymous persons paving way for cyber threats. India is a country which has stringent legislations for the various offences occurring throughout the country. The Information Technology Act, 2000 and various rules given by the government regarding the prevailing conditions in the society curtailed the increasing cyber threats. Proper regulatory measures have been introduced to ensure strong cyber security in the virtual platform. The researchers give limelight on the prevailing cyber threats and existing legal remedies available in India compared to the international perspective. Though there is no explicit legislation for cyber law, the IT Act and various other acts together serve the sole purpose of reducing cybercrimes. Judicial precedents help in the application of various provisions of the legislations thus rendering justice to the people affected by virtual crimes.

CYBER THREATS IN INDIA

Cyber threat is defined as the possibility of a malicious attempt to damage or disrupt a computer network or system. Cyberattacks occur through different means with multiple intention of threatening the targeted system or person. In 2020, the most observed forms of cyber threat are:

  • Distributed denial of service (DDoS attacks)
  • Social engineering
  • Cloud computing vulnerabilities
  • Third Party Software
  • Ransomware

During the pandemic, data breaches and other cyber security issues reported are rapidly increasing when compared to the first quarter of the year 2019. Around 3,137 cyber security related issues were reported every day in 2020 in mediocre level. Due to the unintended shift to the digital services, people became more vulnerable to cyber threats. In 2020, nearly 1.16 million cases of cyberattacks were reported which is far greater than that of the cases reported in 2019. Further, the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has observed 11,58,208 cyber security incidents in the year 2020 which has led to various cyber threats.

Researchers have warned that the cyber threats are likely to increase in 2021 due to the extended virtual working platform. The government has issued several guidelines and other cyber security measures in order to curb the cyberattacks. 

CYBER LAWS IN INDIA

Though there is no exclusive legislation for cyber laws in India, they are governed by the existing legislations which deal with cyber security and related issues. The Information Technology Act, 2000 guides all the Indian legislations regarding e-commerce, e-banking and e-governance thus providing various provisions offences occurring in computer networking and virtual platform.

The Indian Penal Code, 1860 is invoked along with the IT Act as it also deals with certain offences applicable in cyberspace also. The forgery occurring in digital format and examination of such evidence are governed by the Indian Evidence Act.

The cybersecurity obligations and other responsibilities of the companies registered under the Companies Act, 2013 are refined under this legislation. The SFIO (Serious Frauds Investigation Office) is vested with the power to prosecute the company and its directors. They became stern and proactive after the Companies Inspection, Investment and Inquiry Rules, 2014.

Under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY), the government issues notification regarding the rules and regulations of cyber security which must be coordinated by the authorities to the public.  Further, data protection framework and data governance related rules are structured whenever required.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has authorized Cybersecurity Framework (NCFS) for cyber risk management through which the guidelines and standards for cyber- related issues are fixed.

JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS

In Shreya Singhal v Union of India, the honourable Supreme Court upheld the validity of Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000. This decision was made by the court based on three concepts viz, Discussion, Advocacy, and Incitement. 

It was held in Shamsher Singh Verma v State of Haryana, the accused challenged the High Court Order, The Supreme Court held that Compact Disc is also a document, and it is not necessary obtain permission or disclaimer regarding a document under Section 294 (1) of CrPC personally from the accused, the complainant, or the witness.

It was held in Avnish Bajaj v State (NCT) of Delhi, it was regarding the broadcasting of cyber pornography materials, the accused was arrested but it was contended by the accused that he is only the service provider. The court granted bail subject to 2 sureties and the burden of proof to him as only the service provider and not posted such materials. 

It was held State of Tamil Nadu v Suhas Katti, a landmark case, in which the accused was a family friend and who intended to marry a girl, but she was married to some other person. The accused created a false e-mail account in the name of the victim and posted slanderous, obscene, and annoying information about the victim. The court convicted the accused person under 469, 509 of IPC, 1860 and Sec 67 of IT Act, 2000.

It was held in CBI v Arif Azim (Sony Sambandh Case), it’s a peculiar cybercrime, in which a person unknowingly used the credit card information of another and purchased Sony TV. The credit card user informed the wrong usage of the card to the bank and the bank approached the company, then it was found that a call centre guy Arif Azim misused the information and committed the crime. The Court relying on the age and the first-time offence, had a lenient action on that boy. 

It was held in SMC Pneumatics (India) P Limited v Jogesh Kwatra, the employee of the company sent filthy emails to employers, subsidiaries and derogated, defamed the company. It was found that the employee sent the mails from a internet café. The defendant was terminated from the service. The Court held that the evidence is not qualify as certified evidence U/s. 65B of Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

It was held in Manik Taneja v State of Karnataka, the accused posted a bad comment about the inspector, police personnel of a particular police station in the face book page of the Police. The police filed a case against him. The Court held that the social media platform is to express the grievance and it was made with good intention. Hence the accused was not doing was not punishable offence. 

It was held in Gagan harsh Sharma v The State of Maharashtra, the individuals were accused of theft of data and software from the employer, they were booked under Sec 408 and 420 of IPC along with Sec 43, 65 and 66 of IT Act, 2000. The accused pleaded for dropping of provisions under IPC and to charge only under IT Act, 2000 relying on Sharat Babu Digumarti Case. The Bombay High Court upheld the plea of the petitioners and dropped the provisions under IPC. 

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON CYBER THREATS

Secret is the only thing which is under amaze in this cyber world. Every country is fighting against the cyber threat, cyber warfare to protect its secrets, its citizens. 

In UK, National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) formed and headed by the cyber security experienced professionals to tackle the cyber threat and cyber warfare. The policy of “active defence” and “hacking back the hackers” are the potentials used by NCSC to fight against the cyber threat or cyber warfare.

In US, the nation with latest technologies and leading in the cyber security has enacted an act, to handle Cyber threats viz, Cyber Security Act of 2015. In addition to that Cyber Security National Action Plan has also been initiated by the Government to work with commercial tech giants, to handle cyber threats and to protect the citizens. 

In Europe, NIS directive was initiated in the year 2016 to protect from cyber threats. Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was formed by the directive to protect and to have greater control.

In China, introduced a law with more stringent measures and broad new cyber security law to protect and to have control over cyber threats. 

In India, Digital India is proposed and taken into every root of the Government Concerns. Indeed, aiding to keep Digital India ahead of the latest cyber-threats is a key unease for those working on the project, whether they are connoisseurs in policy, government services, or security technologies such as PKI.

CONCLUSION

The world is changing and so the technical and technological developments. Everything which soothes the operation will have more impact on us, thus the Cyber Space, which helps us to reach more but it has every potential threat. 

Every nation and every individual are apprehended to the cyber warfare and cyber threats, through the bold and clear strategy this can be handled. Its an endless limit to the desire of individuals and hence the threat has no limitations. 

The world in which we live is transforming, and so are the perils that we face daily. Governments around the globe must now ensure they are adaptable and swift enough to distinguish when the muggers are moving ahead, and act accordingly.

Articles

Drone Laws In India: An Overview

Leave a comment

This Article is written by Adity Dutta & Shivam Shekhar, students of ICFAI University, Dehradun

THE UAS RULES, 2021

The term “drone” mainly refers to pilotless crafts or ships controlled by radio-controlled controllers or aboard computers. Everywhere around the world, drones are substitutable with military aviation. The use of first military drones can be traced back to the mid-1850s. The idea of unmanned aerial vehicles may have originated in 1849, when Austria used drones to attack Venice with explosives. During that period, the Austrian army is said to have beset Venice with more than 200 such drones. Later, in the 1930s, the United States and Britain independently developed the first remote-controlled aircraft, laying the foundation for the military drone project we know today. 

India used military drones for the first time during Kargil war against Pakistan in 1999, when Israel delivered IAI’s Heron and Searcher drones to India for reconnaissance. Since then, India has purchased many Israeli military drones. Defence research and Development Organization (DRDO) has also developed India’s own unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft Systems (UAS) program.

Drones are now also used for various civilian functions, ranging from search and rescue, surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring, and fire-fighting, to personal and commercial drones for photography, video, agriculture and even delivery services.

Since two explosions were recorded in the technical zone of Jammu Air Force Base this year, drones made its way in the news more than ever. According to the official Twitter handle of the Indian Air Force, “…one caused minor damage to the roof of a building while the other exploded in an open area. There was no damage to any equipment.” According to the news, these drone strikes were terrorist attacks on ‘key military assets.’ After that incident, drones were spotted in Jammu and Kashmir for three consecutive days. Experts said this is a new phenomenon that needs to be resolved as soon as possible. This led India to tighten its regulation of drones.

In December 2018 Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) drafted rules on Unmanned Aircraft Systems and released them in 2020 for public opinions. The MoCA has now drafted the final rules under the Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021 (UAS, 2021) by making certain changes to the earlier rules. Some highlights of the UAS Rules 2021 are discussed below.

APPLICABILITY 

Contrary to previous recommendations that were limited to India, UAS Rules 2021 have been extended to all drones registered in India, even if they operate outside India. In addition, its regulations also apply to anyone who owns drones in India or wants to participate in the import, export, manufacturing, marketing, leasing, operation, transfer or maintenance of their drones. 

CATEGORIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS 

The new UAS Rules categorizes UAS into the 3 categories, namely, aeroplane, rotorcraft and hybrid unmanned aircraft system. They are further sub-divided into –

  1. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), i.e., UAS controlled from a remote pilot station.
  2. Model RPAS, i.e., UAS operating within the range of sight and just for educational purposes, without payload.
  3. Autonomous Unmanned Aircraft System, i.e., those UAS which requires no pilot interventions. 

Under UAS Rules 2021 weight-based classifications of UAS are kept as it was in the previous guidelines, just with one exception. Nano Drones should be reclassified as Micro Drones, if a nano drone exceeds the stipulated performance parameters, such as (i) maximum speed of 15 m/s, (ii) height of 15 meters, and (iii) range of 100 meters from the pilot operating the drone. It is to be noted that nano drones and micro drones possess the same features with just one difference: nano drones are relatively smaller than micro drones.

The maximum height allowed for micro UAS to attain is not exceeding 60 meters and that of small UAS is 120 meters. 

Nano, micro and small drones are prohibited from delivering goods. Only medium and bid drones are permitted to deliver.  

AUTHORISATION OF UAS

According to the previous guidelines, only drone operators, manufacturers and importers had to obtain the necessary licenses. In contrast, the new UAS Rules require all personnel related to the drone ecosystem to be registered as authorized drone importers and authorized drone manufacturers, Authorized drone dealers, authorized drone owners, or authorized drone operators. 

Unless approved, drones must not operate without a unique ID. The drone operator must generate a unique drone identification number by providing the required data on the Digital Sky platform, a MoCA initiative by which it plans to provide a safe and scalable platform to support the drone technology platform. No Permission- No Take-off (NPNT) policy is to be adopted for all drones. The validity period of the authorisation is not more than 10 years.

Applicants would be eligible for authorisation only when,

  • The person is a citizen of India and has attained 18 years of age.
  • A company or a corporate body – 
    • Which is registered and its main place of operating is in India,
    • Whose higher management – Chairman and most of its directors are Indian citizens,
    • Whose substantial ownership and effective control lays in Indian nationals as specified in Schedule XI of the Aircraft Rules, 1937.
    • A firm or an association of persons or body of individuals or a local authority or any legal entity, whether incorporated or not, which has its principal place of business in India, Central and State Government or an agency thereof.

It is to be noted that phrases like ‘substantial ownership’ and ‘effective control’ are not distinctly defined under the new rules. Security clearance of a person who wants to buy a drone is a must. Even directors and chairman of a company require such security clearance. 

CERTIFICATE OF MANUFACTURE AND AIRWORTHINESS

‘A certificate of manufacture and airworthiness’ is required to be obtained by an authorised UAS manufacturer or importer. The certificate should clearly certify the type and classification along with its specifications, which should meet the requirements stated in the UAS Rules. 

NECESSARY EQUIPMENT

The UAS 2021 rules specifies that all UAS, expect for nano drones, should be equipped with certain necessary equipment, such as flashing anti-collision strobe lights, flight data logging capability, secondary surveillance radar transponder, real-time tracking system and 360-degree collision avoidance system, and more of the same. 

However, there are certain other equipment which must be installed in every UAS including nano drones. They are Global Navigation Satellite System, Autonomous Flight Termination System or Return to Home option, geo-fencing capability, flight controller, and so on and so forth.

OPERATION

There are certain guidelines provided under UAS 2021 rules for the drone operators to follow. The operator can be any individual who obtained a remote pilot license for operation of UAS. The license can be obtained by passing an oral test and a medical test, and then undergoing flying training from an authorised training institution. The remote pilot instructor should also possess a licence and undergo training.  To fly any drone other than nano drones, one has to obtain permission from the DGCA.

There are certain areas which are restricted from drone operations. Few of those restricted areas are listed below.

  1. within a distance of 5 kilometres from the perimeter of international airports at Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Hyderabad.
  2. within a distance of 3 kilometres from the perimeter of any civil, private or defence airports.
  3. within 25 kilometres from international border which includes Line of Control (LoC), Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL).
  4. within 3 kilometres from perimeter of military installations/ facilities/ where military activities/ exercises are being carried out unless clearance is obtained from the local military installation/facility.
  5. within 2 kilometres from perimeter of strategic locations/ vital installations notified by Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) unless clearance is obtained from MHA.

DRONE PORTS

The drone ports for arrival, departure, ground movement and maintenance related drone business activities must be approved and authorised by the DGCA before it can be set up in the approved area. The UAV port for arrival, departure, ground movement and related maintenance or related UAV business activities must be approved and approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China before it can be set up in the approved area. The eligibility criteria for obtaining a drone port license are the same as those required to be a drone importer, manufacturer, distributor, owner, or operator.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D)

The R&D organisations which are permitted to carry out R&D of UAS includes start-up companies, authorized UAS manufacturers, and all licensed and recognised higher education institutions in India. Such organisations have to be approved by DGCA.

CONCLUSION

The UAS Rules 2021 did made some progress given the earlier regulation of 2018, but this seems like a case of one step forward and two steps backward. The definitions of certain phrases mentioned in UAS Rules are vague and indistinct. The regulations impose different licensing and approval requirements on remote-controlled drivers, operators, manufacturers or importers, training institutions, and R&D institutions, which imposes a considerable burden on applicants. In addition, the procedures for obtaining these licenses are burdensome and depend on the outcome. In addition, the introduction of R&D licenses in the UAS field will hinder innovation. Penalties on failure to obeying UAS Rules are very high. 

The Jammu air strike does makes it clear that there is a urgent need of rules and regulations in the drone ecosystem but these rules put heavy pressure on participants in the ecosystem, which may hinder the growth of the industry.

Legal News

European Union says use of spyware on journalists is unacceptable

Leave a comment

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen welcomes Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen (not pictured) in Brussels, Belgium, July 13, 2021. REUTERS/Pascal Rossignol/Pool

“Freedom of media, free press is one of the core values of the EU. It is completely unacceptable if this (hacking) were to be the case.”

The European Union on Monday condemned any spying on journalists, after reports that Israeli software had been used to hack the smartphones of journalists, government officials and rights activists worldwide.

“What we could read so far – and this has to be verified, but if it is the case – it is completely unacceptable. Against any kind of rules we have in the European Union,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said during a visit to Prague.

An investigation published on Sunday by 17 media organizations, led by the Paris-based non-profit journalism group Forbidden Stories, said spyware made and licensed by the Israeli company NSO had been used in attempted and successful hacks of 37 smartphones belonging to journalists, government officials and human rights activists.

NSO said its product was intended only for use by vetted government intelligence and law enforcement agencies to fight terrorism and crime.

In a statement on its website, it said the information provided by the consortium’s sources “has no factual basis”.

The investigation, which Reuters did not independently confirm, did not reveal who had attempted the hacks or why.

The Hungarian investigative website Direkt36, part of the consortium, said the more than 300 targets in Hungary included journalists, businesspeople, lawyers and critics of Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s government.null

Foreign Minister Peter Szijjarto said Hungary was unaware of the reported surveillance attempts but that he had asked the head of the Hungarian Information Office, a secret service under his supervision, to investigate.

FACEBOOK SUIT

Israeli Health Minister Nitzan Horowitz, head of the liberal Meretz party and a member of Prime Minister Naftali Bennett’s decision-making security cabinet, said he would meet Defence Minister Benny Gantz to discuss NSO’s exports. The Defence Ministry, which licenses the exports, did not immediately comment.

The social media giant Facebook filed a suit in 2019 accusing NSO of facilitating government hacking sprees in 20 countries, after Facebook’s instant messaging platform WhatsApp said NSO had exploited a flaw in the program to help governments spy on more than 1,400 people worldwide, including diplomats, dissidents, journalists and senior government officials.

Other tech giants including Microsoft, Google, Cisco and Dell joined the case last December.

NSO denied the allegations in the suit “in the strongest possible terms”, saying it would fight them vigorously. An attempt to argue in court that NSO should benefit from sovereign immunity failed at the first instance.

Articles

DOCTRINE OF “WORK FOR HIRE” UNDER THE COPYRIGHT LAW : A CRITICAL SURVEY OF U.K., US AND INDIAN CASES

Leave a comment

To get daily updates, Join Team Attorneylex’s WhatsApp group. 

Also, check us out on Instagram and Twitter

  This article is written by Nadiya Yakub Patel, a student at Thakur Ramnarayan College of Law, Mumbai University.

INTRODUCTION :

Copyright is a intellectual property that gives the owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in literary, artistic, educational, musical form. Also the Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations such as the fair use doctrine in the U.K., US and in India.

Some jurisdictions require ‘fixing’ copyrighted works in a tangible form or  manner. It is often shared among the multiple authors and each authors holds a set of rights to use or license the work.

And the Public law duration of a copyright expires 50-100 years after the creator dies, depending on jurisdiction. And in general most of them believe that the long copyright duration guarantees the better protection of works.

BACKGROUND :

The copyright developed after the printing press came into use. The printing press made it much cheaper to produce works but as there was initially no copyright law anyone can rent press and also print any text. Popular new works were immediately re-set and also re-published by competitors so printers needed a constant stream of the new material. The Fees paid to authors for new works were high and also significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics. Printing brought profound the social changes. Prices of the reprints were low so the  publications could be bought by poorer people and creating a mass audience. 

 

OBTAINING PROTECTION :

Ownership :

In ownership the original holder of the copyright is the employer of the author rather than the author himself if the work is a “work for hire”. The first owner of a copyright is the person who created the work which is know as the author. When more than one person creates the work and then case of joint authorship can be made provided some criteria are met.

Eligible works:

Copyright may apply to a very large range of creative intellectual. Specifics jurisdiction but these can include poems, fictional characters, and other literary works, choreography, musical, sound recordings, paintings, sculptures, photographs, computer software, radio and television broadcasts. Graphic designs may have overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions. Copyright does not cover ideas as well as information themselves only the form in which they are expressed.

Originality :

A work must meet minimal standards of originality in order to qualify for copyright and then the copyright expires after a set period of time. In the UK there has to be some skill, labour, and judgment that has gone into it. In United Kingdom it has been held that a single word is insufficient to comprise a copyright work.

Copyright law recognizes the right of author based on the work actually is an original creation rather than based on whether it is unique two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works if it determined that the duplication was coincidental and neither was copied from other.

ENFORCEMENT :

Copyrights enforced in a civil law court but there are also criminal infringement statutes in some jurisdictions. The Criminal sanctions or law are generally at serious counterfeiting activities but now becoming more and more common place as copyright collectives

In most jurisdictions copyright holder must bear cost of enforcing copyright. This will usually involve engaging legal representation court costs. In 1978  scope was expanded to apply any expression that has been fixed in any medium this protection granted automatically whether maker wants it or also not no registration required.

Copyright Infringement :

For a work to be considered to infringe upon copyright its use must have occurred in a nation that has domestic copyright laws to established international convention. Improper use of materials outside of legislation is deemed and know as unauthorized edition not copyright infringement.

Statistics regarding effects of the  copyright infringement are also difficult to determine. According to Studies have attempted to determine whether there is a monetary loss for industries affected by the copyright infringement by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they not been freely available. Other reports says that copyright infringement does not have an adverse effect on entertainment industry and can have a positive effect.

RIGHTS GRANTED :

According to the World Intellectual Property Organisation, copyright protects two types of rights. Economic rights and Moral rights.

According to U.K., US and India

Economic Rights : 

As the Economic Rights allow the right owners to derive the financial reward from the use of their works by the others. 

a) Reproduction of the work in various forms such as printed publications, sound recordings.

b) Distribution of copies of work.

c) Public performance of work.

d) Broadcasting or any other communication of the work to public.

e) Translation of the work into any other languages.

f) Adaptation of the work.

Moral Rights :

Allow authors and creators to take certain actions to protect their link with their work. 

a) Protection of work.

b) To determine how and under what conditions the work may be marketed, publicly displayed, reproduced, distributed, etc.

c) To produce copies or reproductions of the work and to sell those copies.

d) To import or export work.

e) To create derivative works.

f) To perform the work publicly.

g) To sell these rights to others.

h) To transmit by radio, video or internet.

PUBLICPUBLIC DOMAIN :

Copyright like other intellectual property rights and is subject to a statutorily determined term. Once the term of a copyright has expired the formerly copyrighted work enters the public domain and may be used by anyone without obtaining permission, and normally without payment. Courts in common law countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom have rejected the doctrine of common law copyright. Public domain works should not be in confused with works which are publicly available. Works posted in the internet such as  publicly available but are not generally in the public domain.

CONCLUSION :

Copyrights law has been developing and also changing to provide better protection as well as stronger hold to the owners. Recognition a serious crime not only damaging creative potential but as well as causing economic loss. Awareness among people proper enforcement efficient copyright cells as well as copyright societies can bring down the infringement.

Articles

Drone Laws: The New Generation

Leave a comment

This Article is written by Yash Jain, Tanishka Valecha & Aman Monga, students at Amity Law School, Noida

In contrast to the existing guidelines where their use was limited only to the Indian subcontinent, the application of the UAS Unintentional Rules extended to all UAS registered in India, or operating outside the Indian subcontinent. In addition, its provision will apply to all persons wishing to own or own, or who wish to participate in the import, manufacture, trade, lease, operation, transfer or retention of UAS in India. According to the Indian aviation authority, the Department of Public Aviation, drone flying is legal in India, but we recommend that we know and comply with the drone rules listed below before doing so. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation India has announced Preliminary Requirements for Civil Aviation ( CAR) for drones aircraft on August 27, 2018 will take effect on December 1, 2018.Before all aircraft, drone pilots are required to apply for a flight permit via a mobile application, which will automatically process the application and grant or reject it. India calls its program “No Permission, No Departure” (NPNT). If a drone pilot tries to fly without obtaining permission from the Digital Sky Platform, he will simply not be able to take off.

All drone pilots will register their drone and request permission to fly each aircraft via Digital Sky Platform of India.

UAS PLANNING 

While the existing guidelines are limited to RPAS only, UAS Unintended Regulations continue to differentiate UAS from the following:

  1. Remotely Aircraft System (ie UAS tested from remote driver station)
  1. Model System Remotely Aircraft System (e.g. UAS which works without download and is used for educational or experimental purposes only within visual view)
  1. Autonomous Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS that does not require pilot intervention in air traffic control)

In addition, the UAS classification under the UAS Framework Rules is the same as the existing guidelines (i.e. stomach-based classification) parameters based on maximum speed (e.g. 15 m / s), height (e.g. 15 meters) and achievable distance (i.e. 15 meters). -100) 

The aforementioned re-appointment of Nano Drones may have implications for the current Drone system and be a challenge for its producers and existing operators. Currently, such drones are exempt from meeting the various conditions determined under the existing guidelines. However, to further the discovery of such releases, the manufacturer may need to build a specific geo capacity to limit the performance of Nano Drones above speed and altitude limits.

“The drone market in India has the potential to hit more than $ 1 trillion. We plan to improve drone production not only in the domestic market but also in other countries,” said  Suresh Prabhu, adding that India’s technology is reflected in its innovative capabilities. -cost solutions. The minister said these drone rules have taken a long time to be developed due to various safety and security issues that need to be addressed. His department, however, identified three specific reasons why these laws have taken so long to develop: Drone technology has developed rapidly.

Many countries are still experimenting with their own drone regulations and no ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) has been established. India’s security zone needs more vigilance. Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha said Drone Regulations 1.0 had been established as “the whole digital process” which will take effect from 1 December, at which point the “Digital Sky” platform will be operational.

DIGITAL PLATFORM

As Sinha also pointed out, the new Digital Sky platform will be the first national unregulated national traffic management (UTM) platform that uses a ‘no-go, and no-go’ system for remote controlled aircraft. Users will be required to register only their drones, pilots and their owners on the platform, which will also allow online filing of a particular flight path and use.

Drone Task Force

The Drone Task Force, under the chairmanship of Sinha, will provide draft recommendations for the following series of rules – Drone Regulations 2.0. In terms of service, the following rules will address, inter alia, the following issues:

  1. Ensure safe and secure operation of hardware and software hardware
  2. Airspace management through automated functions linked to the overall air management framework Without visual-line-of-sight performance,
  3. Contribution to the establishment of world standards. Suggestions for modification of existing CAR (public aviation requirements) and / or new CARs.

Operational requirements

The new regulations separate drones into five different types, according to their weight. The rules that apply to drones will depend on the weight category they fall in, starting at less than 250 grams and increasing to over 150 pounds. Five types are nano, micro, small, medium, and large. With the exception of nano, all other categories of drones require government registration and are issued with a Unique Identification Number (UIN). Drones owed to intelligence agencies also do not have this requirement, it is not surprising. In addition to these permits, Unmanned Aircraft Operator Permit (UAOP) is also required for drone users, with the exception of nano-drones operating less than 50 meters and micro-drones operating less than 200 meters.

Airspace, too, is divided by the government into various areas. Here’s what they show you:

Red Location: Flying is not allowed.

Yellow Zone: Controlled air space – permit required before flight.

Green Zone: Uncontrolled air space – default permissions

Apart from this, there are some places in the country that are marked as ‘No Drone Zones’. Some of these Non-Drones have been identified as areas around the airports, those near the international border, the Vijay Chowk in New Delhi, the State Secretariat Complex in state capitals and what the department called “strategic areas / strategic and military areas”.

Equipment needed on board

  1. GNSS – Global Navigation System
  2. Return to Home (RTH) feature
  3. The anti-collision lamp
  4. ID-Plate
  5. Flight controller with flight data entry capability
  6. Radio Frequency ID and SIM / No Permission No Take off (NPNT)

A Comparative Analysis: Drone laws in India with laws in the UK and USA

A view of Drone laws in the UK:

Drones are divided into three categories: A, B and C – with the smallest and most complex category in A, and the highest category C – based on their weight, technical complexity, and working environment. Drones usually weigh up to 7 kg in category A. The drones in this category do not need a certificate, but pilots must demonstrate their capabilities. Operation on VLOS must be performed. VLOS performance is a typical operating limit not to exceed 500 meters horizontally or 400 meters above his or her height. Class B drones typically weigh between 7 and 150 kg. The Drones in the team need aircraft authorization and performance as well as proof of their driving skills. The process will take place in VLOS and Extended-VLOS regions. Class C drones also weigh 7 to 150 pounds [7 to 150 kg] but are extremely difficult to operate technically and are used in complex work environments. Drones received full reviews under this category and have strict permissions. Driver and operational requirements are similar to those of Class B drones because they are allowed to operate in air spaces over VLOS and are more complex. While the full independent operation of the UAS is not authorized, certain parts of the operation can be performed without human interference with prior authorization from the authorities.

Drone rules view in USA:

The regulations in the USA are broadly divided into ‘Fly for Fun’ and ‘Fly for Work. The drone must be registered in the ‘Fly for Fun’ category if its weight exceeds 249.48 grams and does not exceed 24.95 kg. This will operate 8.05 kilometers from the airports and will alert the airport and the air traffic control unit to see if operations are being carried out in the area. And in the group ‘Fly for Work’ the drone weight should be less than 24.95 kilograms. All drones weighing more than 250 grams used in this category must be registered. They can travel between VLOS and 400-foot-AGL lengths during the day. The operator must be at least 16 years old on the appointment of a ‘Lease Aircraft,’ to complete a preliminary assessment of aviation skills in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and must be approved by the Transportation Safety Administration. The FAA allows flights on private drones even though it is subject to certain restrictions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important to emphasize that while most of the recent drone debate has focused on state use of drones for military purposes and purposes, the use of drones by the public and the public should be taken into account. There is an urgent need to strengthen policy and co-operation between India and the United States at any given opportunity in the event of a commercial drone market in India. There is a need for political agreement and cooperation between the Department of Defense, the Department of Home Affairs, the Department of Trade and Industry, the Department of Public Aviation, in order to establish and develop the drone industry in India, Industry and International Trade Promotion Department, and planning commission, among others. In addition, large-scale policy funding requires drone education – operator training, drone production capacity, drone identification and monitoring, remote pilot degrees, and other relevant drone services. It is time for India to partner with the United States in the growth of its commercial market, establish and develop a regulatory environment so that commercial drones can be used efficiently and effectively, and with declining demand.

Legal News

PUBG Unban: PUBG Corp Looking For Indian Partner to Revive Popular Mobile Game in India

Leave a comment

Following an order by the Indian government to ban 118 Chinese apps in the country, the popular battle royale game PUBG Mobile was pulled down from prominent app stores. While the Indian gaming community hasn’t taken this well, PUBG Corp finally stepped in with an official statement, giving hope to its fans. The original internal gaming brand under Bluehole Studios, came out with an official statement yesterday suggesting that it will take all publishing responsibilities and will no longer have an association with Tencent specifically in India.

Ever since then we have been speculating on the fact whether PUBG Corp will open a dedicated headquarters in India, or hunt for a new publisher. According to a report, however, the latter might be the case. PUBG Corp is said to be looking for an Indian gaming firm so it can restore the popular game in the country. Sources related to the matter suggest that only a licensing agreement will be formed and PUBG Corp will retain the publishing rights for the game. The Indian partner will most likely handle the distribution. Having said that, there is no official confirmation from PUBG Corp or PUBG Mobile India as of yet.

Moving to a new India-based distributor might not be the only way to unban the game in India though. Right after the ban was imposed, the government had apparently sent over 70 queries to PUBG, asking for a response within three weeks. “Ownership is only one of the concerns. But there are several other issues, based on which the ban has been ordered. The concerns are related to data privacy security, activity inside the phone, etc.,”.

Source: NEWS 18

Articles

Vaccination Laws and Present Pandemic Situations in India

Leave a comment

Vaccine save lives; fear endangers them 

Jeffrey Kluger

INTRODUCTION: 

Since time immemorial of the human civilisation, we the human beings had been facing lots of horrible situations which endangered our existence. If we look back then we will find that the history of the pandemic is an ancient one; the first recorded pandemic was 340 years ago before the birth of Jesus Christ. But the years of 2019-2020 have revealed that we are still far away from the era of modernisation and we need more time to develop significantly in the field of medicine about the impact about health science and education. In this topic, we are going to discuss the impact of this ongoing pandemic upon the vaccination laws and vice versa. Before that, we must examine the history of vaccination laws in India. Dr Haffkine developed the plague vaccine in 1897, which is considered to be the first vaccine developed in India. Throughout the world, there are 27 causative agents, against which vaccines are available and expanded, and more are to be set against the rest targeted agents, which are known. But from this event of the pandemic of COVID-19, we can assure that there are also several causative agents, which are unknown to us. So, the development of vaccines for those novel agents is a very tough task. Now, while discussing the situation of India, we must be firstly aware of the vaccine laws, because, without those rules and regulation and laws, it would herm the rights of the people. So, several organisations, research centres, laboratories etc., where such research regarding the development of a vaccine is taking place, must maintain and follow the vaccine laws, so that, rights of the public at large or an individual is also maintained.

Moreover, after the development of the vaccine and its approval, it must be applied to control any situation of epidemic and pandemic. But, what will happen if a person doesn’t give his or her consent? For these reasons, only vaccine laws are passed. Immunity of a single individual provides the security of the immunity of the community.

HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF VACCINATION AND VACCINATION LAWS IN INDIA: 

The concept and process of vaccination are more than 3000 years old, which was originated and flourished in the ancient Indian Peninsula (Northern and Eastern India) as a form of variolation and inoculation. The evidence of the existence of variolation is also elaborately described in the Sanskrit text called Sacteya, mainly developed to Dhanwantari, the physician. Then with the transmission of education, the technique of vaccination may have spread to China then Africa, Turkey and ultimately reached to England and America.

In the 18th century, Smallpox affected almost the whole of the world, but, it was reported much earlier in India in 1545 AD. Historians and Physicians suggest ‘smallpox’ as ‘Indian Plague’. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine of Smallpox in 1796, which arrived in May 1802. Anna Dusthall a three years old child from Bombay, become the 1st person in India to receive Smallpox vaccine on June 14, 1802. The compulsory Vaccination Act was passed in India in 1892 for the 1st time. The aim or motto of the act was to ensure higher coverage with Smallpox and reduce the epidemic. Before 1850, the vaccines were imported from Great Britain. After the 19th century, the vaccine material supply was increased in India, and as a result, more focus was given upon the manufacture of vaccines in India itself. During this time there occurred Cholera epidemic in Bengal and other parts of India. Dr Haffkine was requested to come in India and conduct Cholera vaccine trial in India, which was conducted in 1893. So, here comes the first situation, where we must consider the vaccination laws that, “what shall be the law when a scientist from abroad is brought in India to make vaccine trials?” Then in 1896, a plague epidemic in India has started. Before 1892 The Vaccination Act in 1880, specifically to ban existing inoculation practices, while making it compulsory for children to be vaccinated. So, the history of vaccination law in India can be classified into two parts: –

Vaccination and Present Pandemic Situation: 

During this pandemic situation doctors and health experts of all over the world are encouraging the mass population to take precautions to prevent transmission through the method of physical distancing, hand sanitising, boosting of immunity and musk using. But for the third world countries like India, it is not at all possible to take all such measures because here the food is more desirable than sanitiser, the cloth is more preferable than musk and shelter are more urgent than physical distancing. India is a country where still in the 21st century there is suffering for a single drop of drinking water in the states like Maharashtra, Odisha; where water is very much needed to quench thirst rather than hand washing.

The vaccine is a preventive measure to save ourselves from the clutches of the virus. So, if the Government makes vaccination mandatory, then ultimately, it will be beneficial for the whole society. Because mass interest is more important than individual interest and individual interest is more important than personal sentiment. Here if anyone denies taking the vaccine, then what will happen? Would he pay the society for his mischievous work? There is a well-known maxim in the legal field that “SALUS POPULI EST SUPREMA LEX.”, Which means public welfare is the highest law. Every member of society surrenders his/her welfare before the interest of the community. According to Ezekiel Emanuel, “vaccines are the most cost-effective health care interventions…”. So from my point of view, compulsory vaccination is very much needed so that we can live without any fear, we can breathe in a world where there would be no barrier to musk.

Vaccination Laws In The Light Of Nuremberg Code Whether Violative Of Human Rights Or Not:  

Recently Facebook, Instagram posts shared thousand times, claim that vaccines directly violate the Nuremberg Code ( a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after second world war). The claim is false. “The Nuremberg Code is about doing human experiments, not vaccination,” said Dr Jonathan D. Moreno (Prof. of Bio-ethics at University of Pennsylvania.” Vaccines are in no way a violation of the Nuremberg Code.

Recent Light Of Hope: 

Despite all brawl between the groups who are in favour of mandatory vaccination and who are against it, there is a great light of hope that Russia launches COVID vaccine named Sputnik-V and Russian health department assured the world that the persons upon whom the vaccine was tested are responding, including the daughter of Russian President Vladimir Putin. 

Doctors of the whole world are not sure that what will be the accurate dose of the vaccine, or is there any necessity for any further booster dose or not? But when we get the vaccine then also it will take a long time to come within reach of every citizen of the country. First of all, it will be given to the doctors, health workers, polices who are the lifeline of the society, then it will be given to an endangered person like old persons, children, pregnant women. Restest of the population will get it. We can say in a racy voice that if we intake the vaccine in our body, then we will become a protected warrior to fight against the virus, and still, we cherish the hope that ‘we shall overcome.’

Conclusion:  

So, in the end, it’s very compulsory to say that vaccination is much more important than everything in today’s pandemic situation. Rate of unemployment and beggary is rising in India. At about 12 people among 100 die due to poverty in India each year. Therefore can’t we are a little more dedicated and sympathetic towards them? Can’t we think to free vaccination through the third world country, where, poverty death is not much less than pandemic death?

For this reason, there is a high demand for free vaccination laws for poor people or economically weaker sections of society. Moreover, during this pandemic (COVID-19), many beggars earn less than 5% of their daily income through beggary. Many hawkers have lost their sale due to cancellation of local trains to avoid social gathering. Many businessmen, employers in private sectors have made a significant loss, and some of them faced retrenchment too. What will happen to them if vaccines are not available to free of cost? Being a student in the law field, my last step, which can be taken is, to pray for a free vaccination law, for economically weaker sections of the society or for those people, who have lost their livelihood during this pandemic. 

Author’s: Sayan Pramanik & Sinjini Sanyal
S. K. Acharya Institute of Law

Legal News

U.S. court rejects bail plea of 26/11 accused Tahawwur Rana, a close associate of David Coleman Headley.

Leave a comment

The Pakistani-origin Canadian businessman was declared a fugitive by India for his involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terror attack.

A U.S. court has rejected the USD 1.5 million bail application of Pakistani-origin Canadian businessman Tahawwur Rana, who has been declared a fugitive by India for his involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terror attack case, describing him a flight risk.
Rana, 59, a childhood friend of David Coleman Headley, was re-arrested on June 10 in Los Angeles on an extradition request by India for his involvement in the 2008 Mumbai terror attack in which 166 people, including six Americans, were killed.

Describing Rana as a flight risk, the US government opposed his release on bail, arguing that if he were to flee to Canada, he might escape the possibility of a death sentence in India.
Given the stakes, an allowance of bail in any amount would not guarantee Rana’s presence in court. Granting bail would invite the possibility of embarrassing the United States in the conduct of its foreign affairs, straining its relationship with India, Assistant US Attorney John J Lulejian had told the court.
On the other hand, Rana’s attorney told the court that he is not a flight risk and has proposed a USD 1.5 million bond for his release.
Rana, in his defence, has argued that the US’ decision not to extradite his co-conspirator, Headley, to India is inconsistent and bars his extradition.
While Rana has presented a robust bail package and proffered conditions which significantly mitigate the risk of flight, the court cannot find that he has negated the risk of flight and accordingly grants the Detention Request (of the government) on that basis, Judge Chooljian said.

For someone facing conspiracy to murder and murder charges in India, the incentive to flee to avoid extradition is strong, the court said.

If he flees to Canada, he could effectively avoid exposure to the death penalty as such country’s extradition treaty with India contains a provision which allows extradition to be refused if the offence for which extradition is requested is punishable by death in India and is not punishable by death in Canada unless India gives assurances that a death penalty would not be executed, federal prosecutors had said.
“There is no question in the court’s mind that given Rana’s significant foreign ties, particularly to Canada, and the potential death penalty awaiting him in India if he is extradited on and convicted of the most serious pending charges, he is a flight risk,” the court said.

According to the federal prosecutors, between 2006 and November 2008, Rana conspired with Headley, also known as “Daood Gilani, and others in Pakistan to assist Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Harakat ul-Jihad-e-Islami, both US-designated terrorist organisations, to plan and carry out the Mumbai terrorist attacks.
Pakistani-American LeT terrorist Headley was involved in plotting the 2008 Mumbai terror attack. He was made an approver in the case and is currently serving a 35-year prison term in the US for his role in the attack.
India seeks his arrest on several offences, including the conspiracy to commit murder, conspiracy to commit forgery for the purpose of cheating, and murder under relevant sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). He is sought for his role in the 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai.
The 2008 Mumbai attack was one of India’s most horrific terrorist attacks in which 166 people were killed, and over 300 injured as ten heavily-armed terrorists from Pakistan created mayhem.

Source: The Hindu

Articles

COVID-19 AND TRUMP’S HALTING OF FUNDING TO W.H.O

Leave a comment

Out of nowhere, US President Donald Trump has criticized the WHO for what he called its disappointments in the emergency and said he intends to end American financing of the organization. The declaration came as Trump kept on being infuriated by analysis of his reaction to the pandemic, which has been pounced upon as excessively moderate and ineffectual, neglecting to rapidly grasp public health estimates that could have contained the virus. The WHO has called for worldwide solidarity in battling the COVID-19, after the US President Donald Trump’s stinging analysis and danger to pull back financing over its treatment of the pandemic. Director-General of WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, was denounced being excessively near China. Experts dread that crafted by the WHO in battling an infection and improving health and healthcare systems around the globe could be imperiled. 1

The declaration, while expected, is harmful to the WHO. It tosses a few of its crucial health programs—supported to a limited extent by US commitments—into disorder, including the agency’s emergency fund to help at-risk nations over the world battle the coronavirus pandemic.2

The US president seems to have three significant issues with the WHO. He blames the association for rushing to acknowledge China’s information at the beginning of the pandemic and laud China for its reaction, even though they accept that they have proof that China at first concealed the presence of the infection.3

The subsequent grievance is that the WHO repudiated a choice the US made on March 11 to close its outskirts to every single outside national who had as of late visited China, Iran, and 28 European nations. In its official suggestions, the WHO forewarned that “forswearing of passage to travelers originating from influenced zones are normally not compelling in forestalling the importation of cases,” despite the way that they “may have a basic fiscal and social impact.”
The declaration, while expected, is disastrous for the WHO. It tosses a few of its primary health programs—supported to a limited extent by US commitments into disorder, including the agency’s emergency fund to help at-risk nations over the world battle the coronavirus pandemic.
At long last, Trump has additionally communicated dissatisfaction that the US pays a curved portion of the WHO’s operational spending plan in contrast with China. The US is required to cover 22% of in general obligatory commitments. In comparison, China is relied upon to cover 12% in 2020-21, even though it has a populace of 1.4 billion individuals and a GDP of $13.6 trillion. The US reserves $400 million to $500 million to the WHO every year, Trump stated, taking note of that China “generally contributes $40 million.”4


WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE W.H.O WITHOUT U.S.A.

The WHO’s yearly spending plan is about $5 billion, not exactly a large portion of that of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As a specialized agency of the UN, the WHO’s income originates from evaluated and voluntary contributions. Surveyed commitments are obligatory enrollment levy—UN part states are required to pay an offer dictated by their size and riches. Intentional obligations, in the interim, make up about 80% of the WHO’s entire spending plan, yet the organization can’t rely upon them from year to year. These voluntary funds can emerge out of part states, international organizations, and not-for-profits, and are ordinarily reserved for explicit undertakings. In 2018-19 US voluntary funding to WHO is more than any other country in percentage. It is 78% and 22% by the rest of the world.5


But after the Trump announcement As of the finish of March, the US presently couldn’t seem to take care of its 2020 tab of $115,766,920 for surveyed commitments. The nation additionally has around $80 million extraordinary from different years. The WHO can likewise raise assets to manage exceptional public health emergencies. As a significant aspect of its Covid-19 reaction plan, it has requested an underlying entirety of $675 million to help in danger nations through April 2020. As of April 9, it has gotten about $356 million, with another $61 million vowed from different contributors. The US has contributed about 4% of that.

WHAT IS THE W.H.O – AND WHO FUNDS THE W.H.O?

● Founded in 1948 and primarily based on Geneva, Switzerland, it is the UN agency responsible for world public health
● It has 194 member States, and it aims to promote health, nutrition, and keep the planet safe and serve the vulnerable.
● W.H.O involved in vaccine campaigns, health emergencies, and support other countries in medical aid
● W.H.O got the fund by a mix of members fees based on their population and wealth voluntary contributions
● US provided approx. 15% of its 2018-19 budget – which is more than $400m
● China gave about $86m in 2018-19; the UK offers most of any country except America.

On the off chance that the U.S. pulls its financing from the WHO, the hole could leave other vital public health programs under-supported. In the WHO’s 2018-19 budget, the latest one for which information is accessible, huge U.S. commitments went to polio annihilation, expanding access to fundamental well-being and nourishment administrations, and battling immunization preventable maladies. 6


WHAT HAPPENS NOW?

It’s not satisfactory when or the amount of the U.S.’ funding will be suspended. In his discourse, Trump said the review would last 60 to 90 days. Probably, said Ian Jhonestone professor of international law at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, this implies the U.S. won’t pay the evaluated commitments it owes the WHO for 2020, and stop every single voluntary contribution, including donations to the Covid-19 fund. But at the same time, it’s conceivable Trump will choose, when the review is finished, to restore the funding.
The U.S. furthermore, Chinese governments presently show up more keen on inciting each other than participating in containing the harm unleashed by COVID-19. President Trump has taken to calling COVID-19 the “Chinese virus.” In contrast, senior Chinese specialists and state media have pushed over the top speculation that the U.S. made the contamination and planted it in China during the 2019 Military World Games of Wuhan. This hatred didn’t begin, clearly, with the COVID-19. Specialists on International Politics see that in front of the following election schedule booked on 3 November 2020.

CONCLUSION
The US and China should begin to stand out in making worldwide stores of medication and supplies for future emergencies. They ought to help out the most exceedingly horrible loss nations, for example, the UK, France, and Italy, to help the worldwide economy for rejuvenation. To wrap things up, instead of news charging one another, these two incredible forces should help battle the pandemic. The US has been a long-standing and liberal supporter to WHO and the world expectation it would keep on being so for the reasons for humanity. It is an ideal opportunity to stand joined together, and we will beat this virus.
Washington and Beijing should trade specialists in a joint offer to create medications and immunization. They have to cooperate to make a new observation and observation framework to contain future viral dangers before they go worldwide and propose universal gauges for readiness and best practices when the following general well being emergency shows up, regardless of where its source lies.


References:

  1. Peter Beaumont and Sarah Moseley, what does the WHO do, and why has trump stopped
    supporting it?, the Guardian.com,(April, 15,2020, 10:25EDT)
    https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/world-health-
    organization-why-has-trump-suspended-funding
  2. Trump halts which are funding over handling of coronavirus, the Hindu,(April,
    15,2020,8:45IST)
    https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-says-us-
    halting-world-health-organization-funding-over-its-handling-of-
    virus/article31343599.ece/amp/
  3. Sarah Moseley, health experts, condemn Trump’s halting of funding to WHO, the
    Guardian, (April, 15,2020, 15:27 EDT)
    https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/health-experts-
    fears-over-trumps-suspension-of-funds-to-who
  4. Coronavirus: US to halt funding to WHO, says trump, BBC News,(April, 15,2020)
    https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-us-canada-52289056
  5. Annabella Timsit and Amanda she drunk trumps suspension of WHO funding is a
    disaster for the world’s health, quartz,(April, 15,2020)
    https://www.google.com/amp/s/qz.com/1838378/what-you-need-to-know-about-trumps-
    suspension-of-who-funding/amp/
  6. Alice Miranda Holstein, Trump halts funding to WHO, POLITICO,(April, 14,2020, 6:33
    PM) https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.politico.com/amp/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786